Iran and six world powers will begin their latest round of nuclear talks in Vienna on Tuesday when they start drafting the text of a comprehensive and potentially historic deal.
In a nutshell, such an accord would reduce the scale of the Islamic republic’s atomic program so as to render any dash to make nuclear weapons extremely difficult and easily detectable.
In return, all UN Security Council sanctions and additional, unilateral Western restrictions targeting Iran’s lifeblood oil exports would be lifted.
Here is a rundown of the main issues that have to be resolved before the deadline for a deal on July 20, when a six-month interim agreement reached in November 2013 expires.
Enrichment
Comments from both sides indicate that negotiators are still some way apart on the issue, which is the big one.
The “enrichment” of uranium makes it suitable for peaceful atomic uses such as power generation and for medical isotopes, but when highly enriched it can go in a nuclear weapon.
Iran’s research into newer centrifuges up to 15 times faster will also have to be addressed, experts say, as will Iran’s enriched uranium stockpiles, enough for several bombs if purified further.
Arak
Under the November deal, Iran froze construction of a new nuclear reactor at Arak, which once running could provide Tehran with weapons-grade plutonium.
Once completed, Iran could extract from Arak’s spent fuel between five and 10 kilograms (10-20 pounds) of plutonium a year, enough for one nuclear weapon, analysts estimate.
In April, Iran’s nuclear chief Ali Akbar Salehi said the issue was “virtually resolved” after Tehran made proposals to change the design of the reactor.
Inspections
The International Atomic Energy Agency, the UN watchdog, regularly inspects Iran’s nuclear facilities and painstakingly accounts for every ounce of nuclear material.
Under November’s deal, the IAEA was given more oversight including daily inspections of certain sites, access to places such as uranium mines and more details on Iran’s facilities and plans.
The powers want enhanced inspections to be made permanent, possibly by Iran adhering to the so-called “additional protocol” of its inspections agreement with the IAEA.
Possible military dimensions
The powers also want Iran to answer the IAEA’s long-standing questions about evidence suggesting that before 2003, and possibly since, Tehran looked into developing nuclear weapons.
Iran has rejected such claims, saying they are based on faulty intelligence from the CIA and Israel’s Mossad — intelligence that it has not been allowed to see.
Ballistic missiles
The powers also want a final deal to cover Iran’s development of ballistic missiles, which could in theory carry nuclear warheads. The UN Security Council called in 2010 for a halt.
Iran says that its missile program should not be part of the talks because they have nothing to do with its nuclear program, which it insists is purely peaceful.
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